Linear Thermal Expansion, Fusion for Ice, Vaporizaton for Water, and Gas Pressure

The first lab was Linear Thermal Expansion. We have a metal rod that was clamped on one end. There was one meter between the rod and the point of measurement. We would blow steam through the rod until the temperature of the rod matches the temperature of the steam. A rotary motion sensor would be used to measure how the rod moves as it is heated. The first and second pictures showed how to do the lab. The third picture showed the lab of the two graphs between temperature and time and the angle vs. time. From the graphs, we knowed that the temperature is increase and the angle is decrease. The forth picture showed how to calculated the angle when the rod was 1.5cm. The next lab was Fusion for Ice and Vaporization for Water. We used the water which mixed with ice would leave the coil uncovered. There were many water and ice mixture would take a long time to heat up. The fifth picture showed the lab. The sixth picture showed the graph between the time and heat. In the graph,the temperature was from -5 degree C to boiling, so in this lab, we could calculate the fusion for ice and vaporizaton for water. The seventh picture would show how to calculate the vaporizationn and fusion. The third lab was Measuring Gas Pressure with a Manometer. A manometer is an U-tube. The air close to the surface of the earth exerts force on each until of area it encounters. This is atmospheric pressure, which is often denoted the pressure of ATM. The columns of water on each side of the manometer experience this atmospheric pressure. If one column due the weight of the liquid that is above the level of the water in the lower column. It is a manometer for measuring. For this lab, we would construct a manometer with 2 translucent soda straws, 8cm, and 1 length of Tygon tubing 10cm. Put some water in the botttom of the manometer tube. Try blowing into one end, first very lightly and then somewhat more strongly.  The formula of pressure is P = F/A; F is force, A is area, and force equal weight, mg; m is mass and equal density multiply volume; pressure equals mass multiply volume, multiply gravity, and divide area, so the pressure equal mass multiply height, and multiply gravity, P = p*g*h.